Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 1606 Words

Marijuana is a shredded mix of dry flowers, stems and the seeds of a plant called cannabis and people usually smoke it in the form of cigarettes for relaxation. Ever since marijuana hit mainstream America over 30 years ago, government prohibition of it has been the subject of an ongoing debate. Should marijuana be legalized? Proponents of marijuana argue that there are numerous medical benefits and that the drug is not more harmful than tobacco or alcohol. Therefore, prohibiting it intrudes on personal freedom. On the other hand, opponents argue that marijuana is too dangerous; its legalization would increase the chances of the drug falling into the hands of kids and that marijuana use often progresses to the use of more dangerous drugs†¦show more content†¦It is unfair to treat marijuana users more harshly under the law than users of alcohol or tobacco. Prohibiting its use intrudes on personal freedom. Moreover, legal prohibition will not prevent users from consuming the dr ug. Neither does it stop traffickers from producing and selling it. The U.S Centers for Disease Control reports that every year in the United States, approximately 79,000 deaths are attributable to excessive alcohol use, making it the third leading lifestyle-related cause of death for the nation (Centers for Disease Control). For marijuana, the number of â€Å"marijuana-induced deaths† is zero. This clearly shows that alcohol is far more dangerous than marijuana. If no restrictions are placed on the consumption of alcohol, why should the sale and consumption of marijuana be prohibited? Since marijuana is not a lethal drug, not toxic to human beings and not as addictive as alcohol or tobacco and since marijuana overdoses are almost impossible, it should be legalized. Legalizing marijuana will reduce the use of alcohol and tobacco which are far more dangerous than marijuana since they have a major impact on morbidity and mortality in the US. It is a known fact that alcohol is a contributing factor not only in most traffic accidents and traffic deaths but also in murders, assaults and other crime while tobacco use causes over 400,000 deaths. In 2008, the American Medical Association (AMA) adopted a report draftedShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, â€Å"95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried pot at least once, and three out of every four illicit-drug users reported using marijuana within the previous 30 days† (ONDCP). The decriminalization and eve ntually legalization for the recreational use of marijuana will bring forth benefitsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1282 Words   |  6 Pages On November 8th, 2016, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative may be included on the ballot. The people of California will vote on whether to legalize the recreational use of cannabis for adults. The move targets at regulating the consumption of the drug and taxing it like other legalized drugs. California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996 (National Institute of Drug Abuse). The state prohibited any legal actions from being taken on patients and recognized caregiversRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1660 Words   |  7 PagesKyler Smith 9/15 â€Å"Marijuana Legalization† The legality of cannabis varies from country to country. Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s. However, possession of the drug in small quantities had been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world. Furthermore, possession is legal or effectively legal in the Netherlands, Uruguay, and in the US states of ColoradoRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana or Cannabis is one of the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound af fects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pages the monetary gain of its legalization for most has been productive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to schools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. With a deficit of over 1.1 billion marijuana sales could alleviate bothRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana972 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1st the states of Colorado and Washington officially began the regulation of legal marijuana sales. Thousands of people from all over the country including tourists from Wisconsin, Ohio, Chicago, and even Georgia lined up out front of dispensaries to make a purchase. Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana628 Words   |  2 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, the plant of the cannabis, has been around since the early 1900’s. Throughout history, marijuana has been used illegally, for both recreational and medical uses. Recently, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes, like aiding HIV/AIDs patients, healing migraines and controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy. Today, there are currently 21 American states that have legalized medicinal marijuana including two states that have legalized recreational marijuana

A Research On Parenting Aspects Of Military Connected...

Methodology We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Approach (PRISMA) for generating and systematically reviewing and analyzing original published studies on military families, their children’s behaviors, and parenting interventions. Key definitions and MeSH terms used were military personnel, parent, parenting, child-rearing, veteran, and parent-child intervention. Inclusion criteria for this review consisted the study needed to be original research addressing parenting aspects of military connected families and their children with preschool children as the part or central focus of the sample, or testing an intervention study that addressed these concepts. Exclusion criteria consisted of omitting studies of military connected families without preschool children, and non-English-language and non US military samples. After determining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the terms were entered into PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, PsychInfo, Web of Science, and EMbase for the years 2001-2014, yielding over 11,800 records. Further search within the reference lists and bibliographies of the analyzed studies and previous review articles on similar subjects revealed two additional studies that were included in the final review. This resulted in 21 published studies meeting criteria. Please see figure 1 for details of research synthesis method. Discussion Deployment effects and children health outcomes. The current literature reveals both parentShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Socio-Economic Status on Students Achievements in Biology13494 Words   |  54 Pagesand secondary level which caused differential academic performance of students. In the quest of finding survival feet, the nation has evolved series of socio-economic and educational measures but these have not improved the socio-economic status of families in the country. It’s within this situation that this study examine the correlates of socio-economic status and students achievement in biology in few selected public and private schools in Ifako-ijaye Local government area of Lagos A person’s educationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 ManagementRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesIncome Medicare Beneficiaries Subtitle B—Reducing Health Disparities Subtitle C—Miscellaneous Improvements TITLE III—PROMOTING PRIMARY CARE, MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, AND COORDINATED CARE TITLE IV—QUALITY Subtitle A—Comparative Effectiveness Research Subtitle B—Nursing Home Transparency Subtitle C—Quality Measurements Subtitle D—Physician Payments Sunshine Provision Subtitle E—Public Reporting on Health Care-Associated Infections TITLE V—MEDICARE GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION TITLE VI—PROGRAM

Things Fall Apart and Its Themes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1326 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Things Fall Apart Essay Did you like this example? Themes are the fundamental and universal idea in literature works and Things Fall Apart is no exception to this rule. This novel is presented to the readers from the point of view of a man who goes by the name of Okonkwo and the way he deals with the effects of colonization. Nigeria became colonized by Britain in 1901 where the novel sets in, while we are witnesses of the changes his village goes through as the colonization of his country begins and forced tolerance is set towards their intruders and forms of lifestyle. Okonkwos life falls apart as he resigns himself to watch his family, values, and culture be threatened and not be able to fight against it. Things Fall Apart manages to depict a world from before and after said events by showing the reader how the people of Umuofia, one of nine villages located in a city in Nigeria, deal with the events and make an effort to defeat it while trying to keep alive the ideologies of both cultures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Things Fall Apart and Its Themes" essay for you Create order The tension and struggle between change and tradition is noticeable as we advance through the novel and discover how cultural beliefs and popular influence affect various characters. Chinua Achebe achieved to deliver the concept of culture suffering because of change and modern ways as he presents Unoka, father of the protagonist, straying away from the villages traditions and making an attempt to change them for personal benefit. One of the traits Umuofia values is hard work and perseverance, none of which Unoka has. Unoka, for what was his fathers name, had died ten years ago. In his lazy and improvident was quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow (4 Achebe). This makes Okonkwo resist change and avoid any possible relationship to it, striving to keep the tradition within his family with the intention to follow it verbatim. The cultural belief of manliness that Things Fall Apart depicts is one of the main reasons for people to resist change at all costs and avoid the eradication of their traditions. The protagonist himself believes that the new customs are not manly enough for them to follow. And, to some extent, he rejects change over his traditions because of fear of losing societal status, as proven in the text, Okonkwo wanted his son to be a great farmer and a great man. He would stamp out the disquieting signs of laziness which he thought he already saw in him (33 Achebe). As the mans great fear of change and modern ways strive, he condemns himself to not show any possible emotion towards anyone as a strategy to make his son a better person according to the norms and expectations they society they live in demands, forgetting any possible or slight change to said rules. Changes in Umuofia are rare, but not unheard of and not socially accepted during the early stages of the novel, but that soon changes as the first signs of Western population start to make themselves more noticeable when the arrivals of missionaries and the introduction of their beliefs, customs, and traditions along with a government cause a certain uneasiness and confusion in the people of the village: But he was a man of commanding presence and the clansmen listened to him. He said he was one of them, as they could see from his language. The other four black men were also his brothers, although one of them did not speak Ibo. The white man was also their brother because they were all sons of God. And he told them about his new God, the Creator of all the world and all the men and women. He told them that they worshiped false gods, gods of wood and stone. A deep murmur went through the crowd when he said this. (145 Achebe) At the end of this paragraph we can appreciate how the people of Umuofia quickly start to question the mans words. He claims that everything the village had imposed was false and suggested a change. A change towards what he believed was right. Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned, The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. (3-8 Butler) Through the poem after which Achebe named his novel, The Second Coming written by William Butler, we are presented with a new but familiar point of view towards change. The best lack conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity is another reflection on how the people from the clan unconsciously let the people from another culture have power over them even after they resist change and prefer their traditions over the new ones. Not only are we able to experience how people of Umuofia deal with change between themselves and their people, but also, a point of view from the white men. The people from Nigeria refuse to accept the customs and beliefs from another culture. From this we can assume that people from a Western civilization experienced the same kind of refusal towards Igbo culture as Nigerian residents felt towards them, giving us a perfect depiction of the struggle between change and tradition and how it is felt and dealt with by both. While one is constantly caught between embracing or resisting change and the other rejects and despise change, leading them to twist others beliefs and thoughts for them not to do so as a matter of personal benefit. Throughout history and the different cultures that were developed during those times, the definition of masculinity tends to vary in some major aspects. More than we are actually aware of. Masculinity is usually described as the possession of the qualities traditionally associated with a man. While this definition is accurate, cultures throughout the world have decided to mold that meaning into what they think is correct and associates with their morals and customs and the Igbo culture is no exception to that statement. One of the major limitations Igbo culture presents is the flawed concept of a forced masculinity idealism. This appears to define Okonkwos life who, unconsciously, confuses masculinity and respect with being feared and to not express emotions towards others. In the eyes of Achebe we encounter several examples of Okonkwos indifference as the text explains his violent and ambitious behavior of wanting to over achieve his fathers legacy, which he interprets as weak and effeminate. We can only assume that the clans views of masculinity are, somewhat, similar to those of other cultures. Men are expected to protect their families and communities as well as to bring food to the table and enforce respect and several other values to his children to make them respected citizens.The clan seems to follow some of the basics of this concept, but not all of it. While a Western culture will try to enforce respect through discipline, mutual respect and comprehension, Igbo culture may try to do the same thing through fear and anger. But even if these cultures dont share the same concept of what masculinity stands for, the reader can clearly formulate that Okonkwos view of masculinity and being manly does not coincide with the clans. Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children. But his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness. (13 Achebe) As we start to read chapter two we are witnesses of the way Okonkwos interpretation differs from the clans. While the protagonist associates masculinity with anger and rage, therefore thinking that those are the only emotions hes able to express or otherwise he will be seen as weak. This is the reason why he beats his wives constantly by the most insignificant situations; Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart/ by Chinua Achebe. Anchor Books, 1994.

Essay about The Main Component in the Civil Rights...

You can go through any school in the country and ask if any students know who Rosa Parks is. The majority of these students will say that she refused to give up her seat up to a non colored man. These students really dont know how impactful her decision had on the United States of America. She was really the main component of the civil rights movement and that’s why she is known as the â€Å"mother of the civil rights movement†. She stood up for what she believed in, and in doing that she sparked and created the stepping stones to the civil rights movement era. Rosa Parks was a african american civil rights rights movement activist, and she was known as the â€Å"mother of the freedom movement†. Rosa Louise McCauley was born in tuskegee, Alabama†¦show more content†¦But sadly enough the NAACP wasn’t getting the publicity from the court cases they pursued, in the areas they lost majority of their cases mostly had to involve in lynching, flogging, peonage, murder and rape. Rosa Parks did a lot to help with the NAACP but she didnt gain the attention or really stand out(Haskins). I will be explaining why the Montgomery bus boycott movement began and how it came about to really jumpstart the civil rights movement that greatly affects us today. During alabama in this time the law for bus riding for african americans was that they had to pay their fare in the front of the bus then walk out to the rear entrance and sit in the back of the bus, they were not allowed to sit toward the front, according to Mary Hall an american author who wrote the biography of Rosa Parks (Hull). Also african americans werent allowed to sit until all the white passengers were seated first, and that forces them to seat farther back or just stand until they arrive to their stop. What also is ridiculous is that is that they are not allowed to sit across from the whites in the same row (Academy of Achievement). Even throughout all these rules, some bus drivers would just close their doors and take off before they get on leaving them stranded to find another bus for transportation. Salah 3 In 1955 Rosa Parks was coming home from her occupation as a seamstress, and she was planning to use the montgomery bus station. She boarded the bus andShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Civil Rights Movement1383 Words   |  6 Pagesworld (Gandhi). Throughout the American history, the greatest number of people through an awkward to live peacefully. The Civil Right Movement in the United states has been a long, primarily nonviolent attempt to bring full civil rights and justice under the law to all Americans. The movement has sustained a lasting impact on the United States society. Before the civil right movement, the great migration of 1916- 1940, some blacks still lived in the south under the Jim crow, where state laws kept themRead MoreAfrican Americans : Same Fight For The Civil Rights Act Of 19681921 Words   |  8 Pagesas a person, and individuals who have been mistreated with cruelty and inequality. African Americans have been through all the pain and suffering to overcome accomp lishing different goals through history. Whether it was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 or the Civil Rights Act of 1968. After, memorable and remarkable individual accomplishments of African American men and women; even to this date, they are fighting for what their predecessors struggled to achieve, equality, freedom, and justice. HoweverRead MoreFreire s Theory Of The Oppressed And The Oppressor Collins, Brooks, And Kidd1628 Words   |  7 Pagesactivism, fellowship, solidarity, and reflection, it is these components that create the means for a successful path to liberation, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of personal and societal growth (Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed). Brooks, Collins, and Kidd’s novels serve to reflect Freire’s ideals through the plights of their main characters, who although not united in any way serve to reflect how Freire’s components of liberation are universally applicable. Ultimately, throughRead MoreSepti ma Clark and the Citizenship School Movement Essay2204 Words   |  9 Pages 2 Septima Poinsette Clark also known as the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement, (Crawford, 1993, p. 96) used education to empower others. Her lifes work enabled many people in the segregated South the opportunity to learn to read and write so that they could fully participate in a democratic society by exercising their right to vote. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the philosophy of education of Clark and the events that shaped thatRead MoreRacism- An Aid to American Society2184 Words   |  9 Pagesgin gave slavery a big purpose (Dodson, 2003). With this new technology and a vast area to exploit for the cotton plantation, sufficient labor was needed. As the cotton industry expanded across the United States, slavery also expanded. This was the main industry in the south that competed for economic leadership in a global level (Dodson, 2003). America’s economy depended on it, as their trade with the powerful British textile industry also depended on it. What made slaves more efficient was theRead MoreHistory Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960s4816 Words   |  20 Pagesor ‘doing the right thing’ for his county. Brinkmanship – The practice of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the limit of safety especially to force a desired outcome. Civil Rights Movement The 1960’s was a decade of popular protest. The CRM in the US was a great e.g. of how effective popular mass protests could be. As a result there was less discrimination against African Americans. Some activists felt that the CRM did not go far enough and the Black Power Movement then arose.Read MoreStudy Guide5838 Words   |  24 Pagesrome Who benefited from the Magna Carta? The English NobilityThe English nobility gained the most benefits from the Magna Carta, which established limitations on the power of the king. Which of the following was guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights? Freedom from taxation without representation. Whose ideas about government greatly influenced the men who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? John Locke The writings of John Locke, a British philosopher of the EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay on Gospel Music6236 Words   |  25 Pageswith it synchronized movements. (2) The gospel piano style was based on the rhythm section concept, where the middle of the piano was used to support the singers. This area supported the singers by doubling the vocal line in harmony. The bottom, left corner of the piano was used as a bass fiddle while the upper right hand portion played the counter melodies, taking theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographicalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the

The Battle of the Little Bighorn Free Essays

string(119) " battle going to be any different\? He needed Scouts, especially ones who could blend in, and this would be different\." In 1861 the US government introduced the reservation solution. Plains Indians were to be moved to designated areas known as reservations. There they would receive payments from the government and be taught the ways of the white men. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of the Little Bighorn or any similar topic only for you Order Now However the Indians who refused to surrender their lives and the Grace land that they and their brothers had lived upon, long before the white men’s unexpected arrival, soon disrupted this plan. The breaking of the treaty, which prevented white settlers to settle upon their land, and also them passing through it, angered Red Cloud. There were many Sioux attacks on travellers. These attacks went on for many years, until 1866. The US army ignored their accusations and set up forts along the reservation, to prevent further attacks. Red Cloud in disgust attacked the army. The forts, which had been built upon the Bozeman trail, were soon under siege. The Sioux alone were not strong enough to capture the forts, which were equipped with weaponry the Plains Indians had rarely see before, Rifles. Red Cloud kept a force of several Sioux Bands and had also allied with the Arapaho and the Cheyenne. The incentive, of their livelihoods spurred them on. They fort for many months. Red Cloud also had the vision to try and persuade the Crow, traditional enemies of the Sioux, to fight with his people. Although this did not happen, Red Cloud and his people fought on. In 1868 the government admitted that the Indians could not be defeated militarily. So the Us government signed the treaty of Fort Laramie, which saw the creation of the great Sioux Reservation. No non-Indians were to set foot inside this reservation. As soon as the army had left, the forts were burnt to the Ground. It was the start of many years of peace for Red Cloud. However not all of his people agreed with the life that they had been hand fed. Red Clouds power decreased and the Sioux now looked towards the more militant leaders such as Sitting Bull and Red Cloud. However there were worse times to come for the people of the Sioux. The Peace Treaty could not be maintained forever, could it? In 1874 a man by the name of George Armstrong Custer led the seventh Cavalry to the Black Hills, to see whether the area held, the shiny stone that the White Men craved. In doing this he broke the Peace Treaty of Fort Laramie, which had been signed 6 years earlier. Custer had found Gold, hills full of it, ‘From the grassroots down’. This enticed thousands of miners, in search of happiness to the area. The army could not prevent this, and the government did not want to. The Sioux did. The inhabitants attacked many miners. The Government of the United States offered huge sums of money, per year, to the Sioux, in return for the rights to the Gold that they were obviously not using! But the Indians were not interested in round pieces of metal, that the white men exchanged and they were bot willing to give up the Birthplace of their people up easily. In December 1875 all Sioux were ordered to return to their disturbed reservation. The Indian numbers made this hard. There were reported to be 7000 Indians, amongst them Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull refused to agree to reservation life, and so many Sioux looked upon him as their new leader. February 1876 saw the army been ordered that any Indians that was not inside the reservation were to be treated as Hostile. This led to a three- pronged campaign, ordered by General Philip Sheridan. The campaign that followed led to the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Bighorn being the mountain ranges where the battle was to take place. And so George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry set out along with two other parties to force the Indians back to their reservations. Custer rode along the Rosebud River with the men he had been allocated by General Terry. Whilst riding into position, Custer spotted the Sioux village about 15 miles ahead. Custer contemplated attacking, ignoring the conversation he had had with General Terry earlier, Terry: â€Å"Don’t be greedy, wait for us† Custer: â€Å"No, I won’t Little did any of them know, that this would be one of the most controversial and misinterpreted conversations, ever made? Custer ignored Terry’s orders and prepared to fight. He split his battalion up in three, and planned to send troops under Captain Frederick Benteen, who was ordered to prevent the Indian’s usual tactic or escaping. Another group of men were given to Major Marcus Reno, who was to pursue the group. Custer hoped to attack the camp from the North and South Simultaneously. By looking at the tactics he pre-prepared, you would come to the conclusion that he was a very intelligent man, with a lot of experience and will power. However, he was soon to realise that these tactics were not properly thought out, in fact they were soon to be the biggest mistake of his life. A life that, would not see another battle, or another day. Custer had not used his Scouts well; he had barely used them at all. He had Indian Scouts from the enemy tribe of the Sioux, who could of told him a great deal about the strength of the Indian Camp he was preparing to attack, about the firepower of the Indians and the terrain that surrounded the camp. Custer sidelined the scouts, he was the man that ran the show, he knew everything, and he was the noble and brave war veteran. Well, at least this is what he had thought, and if truth were told, so did his men. They had not lost under Custer; he was a respected and experienced Indian fighter. He had never needed scouts before, why was this battle going to be any different? He needed Scouts, especially ones who could blend in, and this would be different. You read "The Battle of the Little Bighorn" in category "Papers" Little did George Armstrong Custer know that the Indian camp he was about to attack with only his battalion was three times his strength, containing not only Sioux, but also Cheyenne warriors. Custer’ s plan was put into action: Reno’s squadron of 175 soldiers attacked the northern end of the camp. Quickly finding themselves in a desperate battle with little hope of surviving, Reno halted his charging men before they could be trapped and killed, they fought for ten minutes in un-orderly state, hoping that it wasn’t going to be their scalps upon the mass of tee-pees they saw before them. Reno withdrew his men into the woods that lined the river. When that position proved indefensible, they retreated uphill to the bluffs east of the river, pursued hotly by f Cheyenne and Sioux Warriors. Just as they finished driving the soldiers out, the Indians sighted roughly 200 of Custer’s men coming towards them, through the tough terrain at the other end of the village. This then took the pressure off of Reno’s men. Cheyenne and Hunk papa Sioux together crossed the river and locked horns with the advancing soldiers, forcing them back to a high ridge to the north. Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under the command of Crazy Horse, swiftly moved downstream and doubled back in a sweeping arc. This boxed the un-defeated men of the 7th cavalry enveloping Custer and his men in a pincer move. The Indians began pouring in gunfire and arrows. Gunfire came from Winchester repeating Rifles. Rifles that they traded with white men for fur. The exact rifle that Custer had ordered to be left behind, as this would hold his men up, in a battle where, he thought, guns were not necessary. Custer thought a lot of things would weigh him down. The gattling Guns, Sabres and extra troops for example. All because he thought they’d slow him down. But how much he would of wanted them despite their ‘weight’, whilst surrounded by the ‘savages’ he had promised to leave in peace. The peace was broken, and so was Custer’s plan. As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In under an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever. Proving that Custer was greedy and Custer didn’t wait. There were many factors that led to the defeat of Custer. However by reading the facts about the war, above, you can see that Custer eyes were clouded over. An urgency to go down in American history as the noblest man, the greatest Indian slayer and most of all The President of the United States. A great Indian slayer should be able defeat a camp of Indians on his own? This was why George Custer did not use Scouts. Therefore he ran into a camp that was 3 or 4 times larger than he had first anticipated. So the men he obtained, of which he thought he had sufficient were out numbered 3 to 1. This obviously was a huge factor to why he and his men were slain. He did not expect to come across a camp of this size, let alone a camp that were equipped with a greater fire power than his squadron. This was another factor. Custer had not expected the Indians to have Guns as well as the knifes and bows and arrows they were expected to own. This meant Custer’s men were facing 3 times as many warriors as he had, who were more equipped in the white mans fire arms than them. Having known this a war veteran would have surely come up with alternative tactics. So you see, lack of and misinterpreted information led to unsuitable tactics. It was like a chain of events. Lack of knowledge meant lack of weapons and firepower, which meant poor tactics. This lack of knowledge could have so easily been avoided, by sending out some of their many Indian Scouts. Who could have quite easily got an insight into the size and firepower that the rival Indians had. But Custer’ eyes were clouded with greed, he needed no scouts. Custer definitely went down in history. He went down as the General who led his men into worst military disaster in American History. What happened to the Sioux after the battle? Although the Indians won the Battle of the Little Bighorn, it was not a major event in Sioux history. Knowing that there would be severe punishment for their victory, the Indians immediately split up and traveled on so that the U. S. Cavalry would have a difficult time trying to find them. Eventually, they would be forced to live on reservations as their land went into the hands of the U. S. government for mining and farming. Something the Indians did not do or intend on doing. They had fought hard in a losing battle. They had success in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, but had lost their way of life. Their victory attracted even more discrimination and racism and gave the white men an extra incentive to wipe out the Plains Indians altogether. They would now be forced to live as the white men, be taught to farm crops and live in captivity. Some Indians killed themselves rather than live a false life with their humiliated and half annihilated brothers. So the Battle of the Little Bighorn was not really a victory for the Indians. They had fought with their lives, and what had they won, a life of shame, cruelty and eventually death. The reward for their victory was nothing. How to cite The Battle of the Little Bighorn, Papers

Assurance Services and Ethics in Australia-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain how your results influence your planning decisions for the audit for the year ending 30 June 2015 2.Explain why it is a risk and how it may affect the risk of material misstatement in the financial report. 3.a Based on the background information for DIPL contained in the case, identify and explain two key fraud risk factors relating to misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting to which DIPL may be susceptible. b.Explain how the risk factors identified in (a) above would affect the conduct of the (a) audit. Answers: 1.There are several types of analytical processes that can be applied in order to make both financial and non-financial decisions of the company. When it comes to the background information of DIPL Ltd, the same processes can play a key role in ascertaining whether the data forming part of its financial statements depict a true and fair view of its performance. In other words, analytical processes can prove to be of immense benefit in identifying any material misstatements prevalent in the financials of a company (Ghandar Tsahuridu, 2013). Moreover, making use of such analytical procedures can assist an auditor to perform the audit process with more ease and effectiveness. There are many types of analytical processes that can be used in this regard, and it depends upon an auditor to ascertain which process is more suitable for performing the audit function. In the given case of DIPL Ltd, the following analytical processes can be taken into account: There may be a probability that the figures incorporated in the accounts of creditors and debtors are not appropriately settled or collected by the officials of the company. Therefore, it is important to verify the balances of the accounts of debtors and creditors so that any inaccuracies, which are present, can be mitigated to the fullest. Besides, it may happen that the company does not have any adequate information associated with the same. Therefore, if the company is unaware of such a scenario, material misstatement can incur, thereby affecting the decision-making on the part of auditors. Another analytical process that can be implemented in the case of DIPL is by making a comparison of the financial information of present year with that of the previous years. Besides, such comparison of the current year can also be conducted with the forecasts for future or with an industry engaged in the similar line of business (Guan et. al, 2008). With the help of this comparison, the variations in patterns can be taken into account to make relevant decisions for deciding the future course of action. The relevance of using trend can be attributed to the fact that the alterations in accounts can be taken into consideration for making effective decisions. Besides, the reason behind such alterations can also be known and evaluated respectively. For instance, trend analysis can be conducted by making a comparison of sales with that of previous years in order to evaluate the increase or decrease in patterns. Hence, if there is a decrease in sales, it is not a good sign for the company. Similarly, if there is an enhancement in sales figures, it is a good indicator but the auditor must cautiously observe any significant increase in amounts because it may either be influenced or occurred due to some error. It is therefore vital that the auditor take relevant steps to verify the sales amount from the authenticated documents. Furthermore, such comparison can also be conducted with companies engaged in the similar line of businesses so that variations can again be evaluated to identify mana gement problems that persist owing to decline in patterns (Cappelleto, 2010). Another process that can be utilized to identify material misstatements in the financials of DIPL Ltd is ratio analysis. For instance, ratios like profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, solvency ratios, etc can be taken into account to evaluate the pattern of alterations in the financial statements. In the case of DIPL Ltd, ratio analysis has been conducted for identifying such patterns over the period of three years. Firstly, profitability ratios like net profit ratio and gross profit ratio have been shown. Secondly, liquidity ratio like current ratio has been shown. Thirdly, solvency ratio like debt-equity ratio has also been shown. Profitability Ratio Gross profit ratio 2013 2014 2015 Gross profit (I) 6004500 6079500 6604500 Sales (II) 34212000 37699500 43459500 GP ratio (I/II) 17.55% 16.13% 15.19% Net profit ratio 2013 2014 2015 Net profit (I) 2359190 2291362 2972183 Sales (II) 34212000 37699500 43459500 NP ratio (I/II) 6.90% 6.08% 6.84% In relation to the profitability ratios, an auditor can evaluate the changes in ratio to determine whether the company is capable of converting its revenue into profits. From the above computation, it can be seen that the net profit ratio of DIPL have been stagnant over the years as it does not change significantly. This depicts that the company has been effective in this segment (Guerard, 2013). However, the gross profit ratio has shown a declining trend over these years that is not a good sign for the company in relation to profitability. Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio 2013 2014 2015 Current assets 5385938 7509150 9600929 Current liabilities 3780000 5120250 6397500 CA/CL 1.42 1.47 1.50 Quick Ratio 2013 2014 2015 Quick assets 3129750 4837788 5420429 Current liabilities 3780000 5120250 6397500 Quick ratio = Quick assets/ Current liabilities 0.827976 0.944834 0.847273 In relation to the liquidity ratio, the auditor can analyze the patterns to analyze whether the company is capable of paying off its obligations within one year. From the above computation, it can be seen that the current ratio of DIPL have been stagnant over the years, which indicates that it is able to pay off its obligations in the future. Moreover, the normal current ratio of any company must be 1:1 (Guerard, 2013). Going by the quick ratio, it can be commented that the company is near to the ideal ratio and since quick ratio is a better indicator than the current ratio, the ratio indicates high level of liquidity. The ratio has dropped marginally in the year 2015 however, it is closed to the base ratio meaning that the company abounds in liquidity. Solvency Ratio Debt Equity Ratio 2013 2014 2015 Debt 3780000 5120250 13897500 Equity 9150000 10783650 12250491 Debt/Equity 0.41 0.47 1.13 In relation to the solvency ratio, an auditor can evaluate whether the company is capable in addressing its short and long-term liabilities in the future. From the above computation, it can be seen that the debt equity ratio of DIPL has significantly increased over the years, which is not a good indicator because there must be a balance betwixt both equity and debt. Besides, in 2015, the ratio surpassed the normal rate of one that depicts ineffectiveness on the companys part in meeting its liabilities (Northington, 2011). An auditor to evaluate the position of DIPL Ltd can use all the ratios computed above. However, he must apply his expertise and skills in order to arrive at a conclusion. 2.There are few risks that are prevalent in the financial statements of a company, and even though proper internal control functions are in place, yet these risks are not fully mitigated. Such risks are commonly known as inherent risks (Messier, 2013). Besides, in the case of DIPL, the inherent risks that can be witnessed from its business operations are as follows: Termination of the previous information technology system From the given information, it can be viewed that a decision has been made by DIPL Ltd to implement a new information technology system for better accounting measures. Even though the adoption of such system has been made for better accounting strategies, yet proper steps have not been taken by the company to implement the new system in place of the old one. In other words, the company failed to provide adequate training facilities to its workforce and even failed to hire additional employees that were required for the adoption of the new system (Bhasin, 2008). As a result, present employees were not sufficient to cater the requirements of being accustomed to the new system. Besides, there is an inherent risk that every employee has adequate access to the new information technology system. In relation to this, it must be noted that only the executives and accountants must be given prior access to the system so that in case of contingencies, only such individuals can remain answerable to the company (Matthew, 2015). Altogether, because of inadequate steps conducted by the company before the adoption of the new system, few accounting figures were not recorded in the new system, and that might have affected the financial statements on a bad note (Cappelleto, 2010). Appointment being done by person possessing financial interest In relation to the available business information of DIPL Ltd, it can be viewed that the fresh appointment of the Chief Executive Officer is not an effective one because he pursues a financial interest with the company. The reason behind such financial interest can be attributed to the fact that such CEO has been granted an opportunity wherein he will attain a ten percent share in the profits of the company if a growth of more than ten percent revenues can be witnessed. The inherent risk prevalent in this case is that the CEO is in a position wherein he will endeavor to enhance the revenues of the company, and for such purpose, he might make use of fraudulent ways to manipulate the accounts so that an enhancement in revenues can be witnessed (Hoffelder 2012). In addition to this, such CEO has taken steps to appoint an internal audit team for the company who is under his control and may work under him to hide the manipulation being done in the company financials. Therefore, this is al so another inherent risk for DIPL Ltd that can play a key role in altering the planning decisions. Nevertheless, in relation to this, if the CEO had not appointed the internal audit team and instead, the Board would have undertaken such task, such risk would not have incurred (Parker et. al, 2011). Therefore, these two inherent risks pose a big threat to the effective functioning of the company, and corrective actions must be immediately implemented so that such risks do not hamper the entire business operations. 3.aThere are two fraud risks that are prevalent in the financials of DIPL Ltd and that may affect its smooth flow of operations. After the adoption of the new system, it was visible that prior steps were not undertaken by the company to terminate the previous system. As a result, many entries that were conducted last year were not recorded in the new accounting system. However, this fraud might have been done because of fraudulent intention of the managers or the accountants so that the accounting figures could be manipulated and the accounts department could be easily misled (Elder et. al, 2010). This mentioned fraud risk could also be witnessed in the financial statement of DIPL Ltd since its cash balances have depicted a major fall in the year 2015. Since no other reason behind the decline in cash can be witnessed; such risk appropriately suits the scenario. The second fraud risk that can be viewed in the financials of DIPL is the significant increment in the level of inventories. The reason why this increment is aligned to a fraud risk is that the level of sales was also immense over the years, which means that the inventories must depict a declining figure but instead, it depicted an upwards trend that raises dubiousness (Arens et. al, 2013). Therefore, it may be possible that the management fraudulently enhanced its level of inventories in the financial statements so that an increased amount of profits can also be shown. b.If the fraudulent practices mentioned above have been done either by the management or with the permission of the management, not only the quality of audit but also the opinion of auditor will be badly influenced. In relation to the first fraud risk, it may happen that the entries that were not recorded in the new accounting system were of big amounts, thereby creating a big complication for the auditor to detect the same (Arens et. al, 2013). This is because the auditor might require some time to get accustomed to the new system and he may not find detection of amounts from the old system. Thus, the audit report will be influenced due to such fraud. In relation to the second fraud risk mentioned above, if the amounts of inventories had been enhanced by the management in order to depict high profits in the income statement, it may result in inappropriateness because such figures of profits are hypothetical and not the real ones (Heeler, 2009). Therefore, if the auditor does not tak e proper steps to identify the same, there will be material misstatements in the financials of DIPL and as a result, he may prove incapable in ascertaining the truthfulness and completeness of the company financials (Jubb, 2012). Thus, it is relevant to know that the auditor is under an obligation to take into consideration every aspect of the financials so that the truthfulness can be ascertained. Moreover, if he does not prove capable of detecting the risks, a true and fair view of the companys performance cannot be obtained. References Arens, A. A, Best, P. J, Shailer, G. E. P Loebbecke, J. K, 2013, Assurance Services and Ethics in Australia, 9th ed, Australia: Pearson. Bhasin, M. L 2008, Corporate Governance and Role of the Forensic Accountant, The Chartered Secretary Journal, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1361-1368. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Elder, J. R, Beasley S. M. Arens A. A 2010, Auditing and Assurance Services, Person Ghandar, A Tsahuridu, E 2013, The Auditing Handbook 2013, Australia: Pearson. Guan, L, Kaminski, K. A Wetzel, T. S 2008, Can Investors Detect Fraud Using Financial Statements: An Exploratory Study, Advances in Public Interest Accounting vol. 13, pp. 17-34. Guerard, J 2013,Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 78-81 Heeler, D 2009, Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting. Pearson Press Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Jubb, C 2012, Auditing: A Business Risk Approach, Australia: Cengage Matthew S. E 2015, Does Internal Audit Function Quality Deter Management Misconduct?, The Accounting Review, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 495-527 Messier, F. W 2013, Auditing and Assurance Services - A systematic approach, 9th ed. Australia: McGraw Hill. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's, pp. 52-55 Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S 2011, The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-14

Competitive Environment in Singapore Airlines-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Give a brief overview of the Primary External Influences to which the Organization is subject and briefly explain the particular importance of each to the Organization. 2.Discuss about the Changing Competitive Environment. Answers: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about Singapore Airlines. Singapore airlines was founded in from Malayan Airway Ltd. where the organization was initiated the business in 1947. Since there are number of political factors, the company was actually renamed as Malaysian Airways and Malaysia Singapore Airlines however, in the end it split into Singapore Airlines along with Malaysia Airlines in the year 1972 (Beria, Niemeier Frohlich., 2011). When there is no regional route present right after the separation, the company has been force to depend solely on global marketplace which is highly subjected competition. The bad or difficult start developed a spirit which is driving to compete and also dedicate to the branding of the company. The entire airlines have also initiated the branding strategy as per its number of services in the flight and the company was also engaged in French Haute couture and a renowned designer namely Pierre Balmain. He designed a unique and distinct version of th e Malay Sarong Kebaya since the airlines Stewardess uniform. This at the later stage becomes a very popular signature for the brand (Airport Transport World, 2014). PESTLE Analysis Following is the detailed discussion: - Political: the political environment of the Singapore has been very stable because of its dominant political party called as Peoples Action Party is the government ever since independence. The government of the country has permitted freedom in number of ways like corporate governance and has also set some limitation for the industry. In addition, the company is also to make majority of the decisions. The government also impacts the company by recruiting director over the organization. the government has also permitted SIA to focus on profit when it is compared with public or social accountabilities, the government also provide support to the company for retrenchment activities especially during any kind of economic crisis (Center for Aviation, 2013). The foreign policy of the country also maintains a good association, it have also settled a diplomatic association with more than one hundred and seventy five countries and have specifically maintained cordial relationship with large sca le economy and countries like Germany, UK and France. The country also managed to enter in the trade agreement which is free specifically between India, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and USA. In the recent time, it has also associated with China as well. the country has also seen working closely and diligently to build a strong connection with many Middle East countries with an intensive and high level of visit that exist between both the countries along with signing the Gulf Based Cooperation Council and Singapore Free Trade Agreement by the end of 2008. In addition, the present Asia Pacific region has raised a situation of unrest during the recent time specifically in many developing countries. Country like Thailand has also faced a lot of turmoil in the year 2008 since there was a lot of protest because of which tourism industry is impacted. There were act of terrorism as well which impact some of the country in the present region (Bloomberg, 2012). Economic: The financial crises in last ten years have severely impacted many countries all across the world which primarily caused due to recession in many countries. The crisis remained for the whole year and the current financial institution has been very careful while loaning the money and organization that have gone through a difficult cost by cutting different measures in order to survive in long run. There are signs of recovery that have shown in 2009 and yet IMF has further predicted in many countries and it will be out of the recession by 2009. The prices of oil were also hitting at a very high level and further seen sharp drop by the end of 2008. The prices were rising at stable speed by hitting the high peak by the end 2009 (Chan, 2000). The prices of oil also came as an outcome in so many ways where some have projected that the prices of oil will drop to a specific level because most of country is were still recovering from the burns of recession and it had further specula ted that it will further continue to surge. The board of Singapore Tourism Board has been putting a lot of pressure as well as efforts in promoting varied Singapore as destination of Meeting, Convention, Incentives and Exhibitions which is also called as MICE. There are two integrated projects as well as resort were costing of SGD eighteen billion and places like Marina Bay Sand along with Resort World at places like Sentosa has finished by 2010 which is further expected to drawn seventeen million and high quality tourism. The country is also involved in hosting Formula one night race and all such will also make a positive kind of impact on business based travel in country like Singapore and further boosted the tourism based sector (Cook, Tanner Lawes, 2012). Social: Singapore is basically an immigrant nation and have a diversified culture which is almost close to thirty five percent of the present population where non citizen living in the nation with twenty five percent of foreigners and just ten percent of local residents. However, there was a lot of protest in recent time related to this issue. Instead of high level of non-citizen of citizen related ratio, this nation is still promoting the international talent and also believing that the nation will have short of labor many the immigrant policy was there to finish. The complete population contains almost more than seventy five percent of Chinese people which is followed by Indian as well as Malay (Hakiman, 2011). The main religion followed by resident of the country was Islam, Buddhism, Taoism, Christian and Hindu. The country was specifically known for its rich Asian culture, this country is also one of the most western inclined countries in Asia. The recent development in Chinese e conomy along with many open door policy have landed in this country with major international labor which arrives from China and this have also developed some kind of cultural conflict among many people living in Singapore. The country is also famous for the hard work as well as competitive culture which was operating of Kaisu which holds traditional values from Chinese tradition and have strong impact on the working culture. This further converted to a culture of high values along with power distance and the low level of employees have accepted the subordinate level which sometime questions the decision of management. The management also stressed on the current team work and maintenance of group harmony was also encouraged from time to time (Fu Oum, 2014). Technology: the basic invention like computer along with internet has resulted in so many kind of expansion of telecommunication and electronic innovation during the past ten year. Growth in the recent time where the value of HD is important and provide a crisper kind of image in addition with high speed of processing system in order to compress as well as decompress different images and rapid data transfer rate and main solution in high quality with no gap in time as well as clear image and sound. With advancement in technology, the basis definition of entertainment has been constantly evolved and electronic devices are getting portable with rise in performance. Such kind of gadgets is constantly getting cheaper and more people are treating as it is becoming a necessity (Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). Every house in the country will have a portable processing system along with hand phone and cameras that are completely loaded with personalized game, photos, music as well as videos. Such items will normally carried at time of travelling. Legal: transformation in present regulatory foundation can have major influence on airlines industry specifically for those that are associated national level carriers. Different types of governments are brining different set of outlook from political perspective and there are strategies, there are many steps which are constantly impacting the present aviation industry. For example, there were some kind of terrorist events in 2001 and there were some important regulatory transformations that influence the way in which travelers must be scrutinized for all air travelers (Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). Environmental: there is rise in issues and concerns about the airlines travelers for many environment friendly based services and functions. The main preference is likely to develop in the time to come because of the national level of carbon reductions aims and rise in prices of energy. Some kinds of airlines have already initiated to deal with green concerns and integrating it with other CSR based policies and plans of marketing. However, Singapore Airlines has therefore been very slow in speed in order to respond to demand from customers (Lim Lee, 2012). 2.Changing competitive environment (Porters Five Forces) Following is the detailed discussion of the Porters Five Forces: - Threat of new entrants: the present airline sector need a huge capital level investment with at least millions of money needed right before the business processes and it is based on estimates that the company need about one dollar in order to generate one dollar revenue. It will also need a lot of work in logistic department with highly skilled personals like technicians, pilots as well as specialized managerial personnel that are often restricted by resources in the present industry. There is also some kind of restricted access to routes and airport with another difficulty post any new entrant. Since the region of Asia Pacific is moving towards free deregulation and trade related to airspace and more options are developed (Heracleous Wirtz, 2006). From the time of introduction, by companies like America Southwest Airlines in the year 1973, there is Low Cost Carrier as well that have gained a lot of popularity and proven to be highly profitable. Number of different organization have formed to give the services which revolve around the Asian region as well as around 1990s and presently Asia region have almost over sixty of varied kind of LCC primarily because of offer with short distance flight within similar country. Some of the airlines have also initiated to provide long haul budget airlines for instance; Air Asia has also introduced the services called Air Asia X in the year 2007. This service offer flight from London to Malaysia and also covers Australia and India. At the same time, the LCC were never considered as a direct competition to SIA and as the main market for such airlines where the travelers were most cost conscious. It is also possible that in near future, these LCC will also venture into the premium market sector especially when the company is able to reach specific level of business based expertise. Such trends must not be completely overlooked by SIA in long run and it is also safe to base an assumption that the current treatment of number o f new entrants will remain low at the present time (Markides Sosa, 2013). Rivalry among the present firms: the goods in the current industry have a short shelf in fair manner and the service is also based on loss when airplane takes off and every kind of cost incurred cannot be recovered properly. The seats are normally around seventy five percent with full on capacity and airlines that is also dominating in the same region by considering the direct competition with SIA are small and they are associated with Malaysian Airlines Ltd., Cathy Pacific, Japan Airlines and many more. There are some airlines which are able to compete completely against SIA and the complete airlines are same in structure as well as market shares (Pearson Merkert., 2011). At the same time, there is a lot of potential for development in the airlines sectors in the Asian region with recent crisis in finances that have forced companies around the world in order to engage in the process of cost cutting factors and it also consist of hitting the airlines industry in a hard manner with a lmost eleven billion of loss in the year 2009. The Asian region has positive development of almost two percent as compare worldwide. Such kind of carriers are utilizing differentiation based strategy principles which focus mainly on varied booking service as well as in-flight offers. There is frequent flyer based programs and were also provided by airlines to retain consumer and create a positive loyalty for brand. According to the marketing perspective, most of the airlines are member based on strategic alliance are associated with Star alliance and Sky-trex and have right code of share system with other partners alliances to increase the flight association and also extend connection with flight. At the same time, SIA has strived with the offering and with reputable excellence in association with in-flight service and innovation based entertainment systems. Threat of substitute product: Singapore Airlines had also aimed that passengers that focus on the comfort as well as on time while travelling and are less price sensitive which have made other mode of transport a bad substitute for the company, specifically on different medium along with long haul flights (Porter, 1985). At the same time, advancement in technology have also evolves with new kind of treats. The concept of video conferencing also means of getting a lot relinquish the need for business travelers and this is why, there are number of post serious treat which make it as substitute to complete airline industry. With the help of advancement in technology with HD video conferencing are able to finish at low capital investment as well as low maintenance fees. New characteristics has come with introduction like sharing files, recording with video, computer screen that have made the concept of video conferencing to be near direct meeting (Richards, 2012). Bargaining power of buyers: the current airlines industry has been active part of products for so many years with an aim of getting from one destination to another and it never makes a lot of difference on which the present airlines company they select and this is also true specifically for long to medium haul travel. By the time, air space completely deregulates for instance, the recent deregulation of Malaysia-Singapore air travel has also prompted a kind of an influx of other kind of carrier like Air Asia and Firefly to diverse market like MAS and SIA. The travelers in the present airline industry contain business passenger along with discretion based passengers (Olienyk Carbaugh, 2011). Discretion based passengers are very flexible by nature on the flight and time connection along with cost is main problem for them. Business passengers are not very sensitive by nature and also about price despite short travelers time and also with comfortable travel with right priority for peopl e. People will also hesitate to move to airlines when timing and price is matched with certain kind of interest. There are number of traveler principle travel agents for buying the tickets and there are some business travelers even recruit a designated travel based agent. The travel agents also form huge amount of sales of tickets and this further give specific power to other travel agents and airlines will normally provide some percentage of commission to them for sales of tickets. The concept of zero commission based policy by Singapore Airlines has also caused protest in the form of boycott of sales of Singapore Airlines tickets by many travel agents who consist of almost eighty percent of total sales which further forced the company to decrease flight and also down sized in places like India. The bargaining power of the buyer is indeed quite high for the company (Schafer Victor, 1997). Bargaining power of suppliers: the company have number subsidiary Singapore Airport services for handling the ground based service like handling baggage and it also consist of in-flight beverages and food supply. (The Times of India, 2014). The company also has other subsidiaries like SIA engineering that also engaged in maintaining the aircraft as well as services. The company has also been very strong and financially stable and this is why it never relies heavily on many other financial situations for different business process. This further leaves the main suppliers of the present SIA just on producers of air craft. The jet fuel also forms up to forty percent of all the expenditure of airlines and is also used as a commodity that has the power to change or move the crude oil prices. The airlines sector usually buys the plane from Airbus to Boeing (Riwo et al., 2013). At the same time, there were no fix substitute with high amount retraining along with right cost for logistics that will help in incurring for moving the suppliers and the overall demand is relatively slow or weak for different kind of suppliers in recent time with around ten percent of the worlds place in storage. The company is constantly involved in renewing the present fleet that at the time of peak of any crisis gives sales order that assist aircraft producers that pull through the difficulty in financial crisis. Power of the stakeholder- relative: - there are other kinds of stakeholders that plays an important role consist of Airline Pilot cooperation or association, Singapore Airlines Staff Union and other regulation based authority at country. the government of Singapore also plays an important role while regulating the air space of eth country and also handling the landing based rights to many international flights and also setting new kind of landing rights with other country. This also influences the routes that company is able offer and competition that can be faced here. The major shareholders of the company with the help of Singapore Airlines with the help of Temasek Holding and the government of the country have the complete power to interfere in policy as well as businesses procedure it requires to (Schafer et al., 1997). There are other regulatory based authority as well that may influence the business process of the company. For instance, the recent allegation by the ACCC which i s also known as Australian Competition and Consumer Commission which the company can cargo and also enter into price based fixing cartel. All such international regulatory group have the limited barriers on Singapore Airlines and challenging to impact the business process of the company and also has the power which is low. (Wang, 2014). Importance of changing competitive environment in Singapore Airlines and how it impacts policies and decision making within the organization or industry sector There is no second thought that the present airlines sector is facing a lot competition which is also intense by nature and it is done with many airlines companies that are struggling to survive. However, Singapore Airlines must also survive the fierce competition and in addition it also thrives for its peer. Singapore Airlines constantly make a profit in this risky and competitive business environment and it also makes the company stand out primarily because of stiff competition. Therefore, to answer such doubts it is important to recognize the options where Singapore Airlines that can exploit and the threats that company needs to deal which in some cases may not be sufficient (Singapore Airlines, 2013). In order to gain success in this current ever-changing market, Singapore Airlines should have strategic capacity to make sure that people can outperform the competitors. A resource related opinion also suggests that the current strategic capability comes from the present competitive advantages that mainly stems from the resources of the company and the usage of such resources along with capabilities and competencies. There are many resources which mainly can be separated into many intangible as well as tangible sections. The tangible resources are normally part of the physical or financial assets of company and are easier to recognize and test the intangible resources that are invisible assets. (Wirtz Johnston, 2003). For Singapore Airlines, the tangible resources consist of the different airplane fleet with advanced level of maintenances and facilities based on state of art maintenance group with cash reserve which is strong by nature as well as well trained employees. The Singapore Airlines also consist of many intangible resources that are based on brand name, reputation of brand, culture of company along with organization capacities with employees skills and knowledge (Singapore Airlines 2012). Evaluation of the effectiveness of the organizations response There are four pillars where technology has best prospective to reduce emission in aviation. The present industry is also making great amount of advances in technology like revolutionary designs of new planes along with new composite ad light weight raw materials, with radical and new kind of engine advances and the growth of bio-fuels. The airlines industry also needs to spend over one trillion of dollars on new aircraft by the year 2020 (Stockport, 2012). There are some five thousand aircrafts that are aiming to get replace by 2020 or raise by twenty seven percent of the current fleet those results in twenty one percent of reduction. Sustainable bio-fuels in aviation sector can decrease the CO2 emission almost by 80% along with complete carbon on the basis of life cycle. Recommendations It is important to understand here that Singapore Airlines can make most utilization of most number of advantages by the present alliances and the contribution is done equally to the partners that are impacted by services or other advantages. The company also prefers to have some kind of partnership in the industry and also add more to the current destination, with more aircrafts as well as customer services that will make them to stay for the position of becoming the best. The company must continue to work on the current branding and also providing the best services which is actually meant to maintain satisfactory level of customer and also continue to have strong staff because of all the expenses of costs. One must also maintain the branding name along with quality of present services and it is also important to move to diverse market which can provide risks based solution when the strategy fails entirely. This further proves that any fatal for the companies as there are other orga nizations as well those have also settled the brand name in the market. There are things which are similar to technology that can be obtained easily by any other kind of organization. References Air Transport World (2014). 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