Astronaut Performance and Health Risks

Astronaut Performance and Health Risks One of the major NASAs operation is space exploration which is the constant investigation and discovery of celestial patterns in the space by means of developing and increasing space technology. Although the space is studied by astronomers using telescopes, it can be physically explored both by unmanned robotic assistances and human astronauts. As the period of the space mission and the distance of the exploration increases, the importance of systems monitoring astronaut health increases as well. For example, as a result of factors such as gravity fields, space radiation, change in pressure, change in oxygen level, distance and long-term weightlessness, human body may suffer significant hazardous effects including muscle atrophy, spaceflight osteopenia, cardiovascular system malfunctioning, balance disorders, eyesight disorders and immune system weakening. NASAs new policies for space exploration by astronauts mandates significant changes and improvements in astronaut health monitori ng systems. Therefore, health monitoring throughout all phases of space exploration including in-flight and extra-vehicular activity is essential. The real-time monitoring of astronauts physiological situations should be performed, either onboard or from Earth, and the obtained information must be evaluated. To examine the astronauts performance and health risks involved with space missions and develop essential technology and breakthroughs to minimize the risks and provide safer and more effective exploration, the Human Research Program (HRP) has been found at NASA [1]. The research scope of this program falls on four sections of Exploration Medical Capability, Human Factors and Behavioral Performance, Human Health Countermeasure, and Space Radiation. The overall emphasis of Exploration Medical Capability research section is to develop novel technologies to deal with the challenges of extending human space exploration and habitation. It is particularly intended to provide evidence-based techniques to observe and preserve astronaut health. To fulfil this objective, it is necessary to develop methods to detect and avoid any health risks that might happen during space missions [2]. To do so, an integrated research plan is employed by HRP to recognize the methods and research activities int ended to deal with health threats, which are allocated to certain sections within the program and is placing requests for more detailed and accurate data to be recorded relative to astronaut health monitoring. Such efforts are raising awareness for the need to deploy effective and comprehensive physiological monitoring in order to develop accurate documentation of astronaut health during Extra-vehicular activity and event performance. Conventionally, the only physiological factor observed through NASA extra-vehicular activities was the heart rate. Modern spacesuits integrate comprehensive life-support systems and modular components. These spacesuits highly assist space missions mostly throughout maintenance jobs and exploration operations. A variety of spacesuits has been made in the course of time and they have developed into todays modern, modular and self-contained forms [3]. Monitoring the crew members through their spacesuits during the space operations such as extra-vehicular activities provides the information about the performance and health of the members as well as the environmental awareness which is necessary to fulfil mission requirements. However, most of these methods require direct contacts of sensors, either in the form of electrode or garment, to the body which, under certain conditions such as anxiety and perspiration, make the results not to be error-free [4]. Therefore, the need for contact-less sensors able to monitor physiological and health status of the astronauts especially during extra-vehicular activity is essential. Furthermore, these sensors must be non-invasive or minimally invasive and very sensitive and provide real time information. On top of that, the sensors should be durable, gravity-independent, low in power consumption, compact in size while simply repairable or replaceable. To fill the gap for effective monitoring we propose†¦.. The objectives of this proposal are highly aligned with NASAs requirements as follows [1]: EVA 10: Can knowledge and use of real-time physiological and system parameters during EVA operations improve crew health and performance? EVA 8: What are the physiological inputs and outputs associated with EVA operations in exploration environments? Osteo 5: We need an inflight capability to monitor bone turnover and bone mass changes during spaceflight. Sleep Gap 1: We need to identify a set of validated and minimally obtrusive tools to monitor and measure sleep-wake activity and associated performance changes for spaceflight. SM7.1: Determine if there are decrements in performance on functional tasks after long-duration spaceflight. Determine how changes in physiological function, exercise activity, and/or clinical data account for these decrements. Team Gap 2: We need to identify a set of validated measures, based on the key indicators of team function, to effectively monitor and measure team health and performance fluctuations during autonomous, long duration and/or distance exploration missions. References: [1] https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/ [2] https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/Explore/ [3] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-next-generation-of-suit-technologies [4] https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/life-guard.html

My Personal Idiolect Essay

Whilst completing this project on spoken language, I discovered aspects of my own personal speech (also known as idiolect) and the variation between people’s language due to their culture and environment. Living in Luton for sixteen years I have had many experiences which shapes my idiolect to what it is today. Three main factors which have influenced me the most are my family, my friends and the media such as internet, music and TV. I was born and raised in Luton, England. Both my parents were born in England and both come from irish backgrounds, however have no trace of an irish dialect. In my home, we all have the Lutonian accent except from my mum who comes across as posh due to her job as a teacher. The typical Lutonian accent is the missing pronunciation of the letter ‘T’, for example. A good example of this is the pronunciation of the word â€Å"Luton†: to most natives, it is said like â€Å"Lu’n†, or for the word â€Å"water†, w e would pronouce it as â€Å"war’a†. During primary school, I was known as a difident girl, when communicating with people I would get really nervous, i feared silence and would get some type of speakers anxiety. This made me use fillers such as ‘erm’ and ‘like’ and hesistaions. I would use these fillers to give myself a short period of time to consider on what I’m going to say. Another reason for why I used fillers was to make the person I was having a conversation with take over and finish my sentence, as I am more of a listener than a talker. As I have gotten older, I have gained more confidence. I still use fillers (as you can see in my transcript) but I use them for holding the floor, I do not want to give 5+up my turn in speaking and instead want a little extra time to think about what I’m going to say next. I would use a â€Å"filler† to signal this. I was accused of having a posh accent during primary school due to the fact i rarely use the slang that my peers used. Words such as ‘sick’ meaning good or ‘peng’ meaning nice/beautiful were not the language i would use, due to the fact that my mum has a teaching role as an english teacher, so she has higher expectations of me and vocabulary. My mum consistently corrects my speech for instance, i usually say ‘teached’ instead of ‘taught’ which my mum would immediatly stop me in a conversation to correct me, she even corrects my punctuation or spelling mistakes in text messages. This is why in my transcript you can see I use more fillers and hesitations as I am making sure I am understandable even though I am not using developed sentences. I used the word ‘innit’at the end of my sentence when speaking to Calam, this is another way of saying ‘isn’t it’ or ‘do you agree’. I would use this word to look for reassurance that my audience (Calam) is engaged into the conversation. It is a hidden rhetorical question, which a lot of the younger generation use. In the conversation with my dad, I changed the word ‘Innit’ to say ‘Ya know what I mean’. This is because I know most adults consider slang as bad-mannered and disrespectful. Another reason is because I wouldn’t want my dad or any adult to feel uncomfortable and confused when talking to me if I spoke in the way I do with my friends. I speak to adults politer than how i would speak to my friends as society makes young people feel inferior whereas adults are seen as the unspoken authority figure. Contraction is another element I use, which is a shortenered form of group of words. An example of this is highlighted in the conversation with my brother when I say words such as ‘gonna’. This is a shorterned way of saying ‘going to’, that can also be classified as slang. This adds to the informality of the text. On the other hand, the choice of vocabulary I used with my mum was simple and more understandable than what I used with Calam. This is due to the age and generation difference.

ICT in U.K. Education Essay

Information and communication technologies are changing the life styles of human beings and the activities of organizations and individuals that depend on information. ICT stands for Information Communications Technology. ICT coordinates the individuals, businesses and organizations by using the digital technology. ICT is highly adopted by many government organizations it the areas like community services and educational programs. The richness of innovative technology for learning process made the system to be adopted by various government organizations in different countries by for their developmental programs. The quick development in information and communication technology (ICT) has significant changes in the way the world operates and communicates. This has an impact on educational needs, both in terms of the comfort and the delivery of educational services. Overview of ICT activities in UK Education sector According to BECTA (the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency, December 2006) the ICT has made a good achievements in education of U. K. The U. K government has invested more than ? 3. 5 billion to create an infrastructure for ICT in the schools of England from the year of 1998. By adopting ICT technology, the UK schools have developed online curriculum through multimedia based teaching and learning programs. The Infra structure in U. K schools was increased to facilitate computer based teaching programs. The pupil to computer access ratio is 1:6 in primary schools and in 1:3 in secondary schools. The internet is accessed by 99% of schools in U. K. In that 97% of primary schools and 99% of secondary schools are connected to the broadband network. The U. K government has implemented single educational network to facilitate the broadband connection to every school in the country. The broadband connection is accessed by 16 million of users in education system and with the use of ICT, 350000 of U. K teachers were saving time in regular teaching administration activities. In U. K, every school has interactive white board and every day, one million primary school children are using the e-learning process in class (according to the DfES) PURPOSE OF STUDY The scope of the current study The current study focuses on the leadership and management strategies in implementing the ICT in education of U. K context. Vision towards ICT Becta has the following vision for the implementation of ICT The engaged school – ICT supports both ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ learning by breaking down the barriers within the school and between the school and the community it serves. The extended school – ICT extends the School services to society by offering the facilities like health, leisure and recreation by adopting ‘open all hours’ philosophy. The expanded school – ICT learning process allows cross-organizational, collaborative models to facilitate new ways of learning. Purpose in implementing ICT Jagdish Rai analysed 3 types of purposes for the education institutes in adopting ICT 1. ICT for courses: To Acquire and absorb flexible learning & Access to web resources, CAL, Multimedia , databases that give presentation and animation 2. ICT for learning: To apply and extend productivity & analytical tools,; evaluate through computer based tests; sharing and creating knowledge through computer and video games. 3. ICT for Admin: For information handling, Student administration, course evaluation

Sale of Human Organ - 1112 Words

Surprisingly, nearly 10 percent of 10,000 English patients, who are on the waiting list for organs transplant, dies each year before they obtain an organ (Bates, 2011). While this number tends to rocket in not only England but also worldwide range, almost all the government still keep passing numerous policies to restrict the supply of transplant organs. Typically, they have long prohibited trafficking human organs regardless of proposals for reform. As a further work on this issue, the article â€Å"Sales of Kidneys Prompt New Law and Debate† from the book â€Å"Topics for Today† (Smith and Mare, 2004) continues providing an insight into the controversy over legalization of commercial transactions in human organs, specially, kidneys. In my opinion,†¦show more content†¦As a result, people should have been allowed to exchange their body organs for money. Notwithstanding, it does not mean that desperately poor people are able to remove indispensable organs for l iving â€Å"voluntarily† based on notion of autonomy. Hence, it was fundamental to set limitations if organ trade could be authorized in the future. Commerce in body parts also narrows the inequalities between rich and poor to some extents. Initially, this claim may sounds nonsense when majority of people believe that legalize payment for organ donors as such payment institutionalizes the belief that the wealthy ill have property rights to the body parts of the poor (Vathsala cited in Ritter, 2008). Nevertheless, the discrimination, in fact, still persists due to the presence of black market for human flesh. By do-or-die situation of patients, the prices in the illegal market reach the extravagant level at which the poor can never afford. Pattinson (2003) illustrated that: â€Å"the desperation of some is somewhat anecdotally highlighted by the attempt of a man from Florida to auction a kidney on eBay- the price got up to $5.7 million before eBay stepped in and cancelled the auction†. On the basis of economic thinking, if the government allow sale of human organs, then it leads to the increasing availability ofShow MoreRel atedSale And Sale Of Human Organs1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sale and purchase of human organs would be morally unjustified. For the purposes of this paper, my argument will allow for the term â€Å"market† to be used in its literal, physical sense, as describing a public location for commercial interaction, as well as in reference to the concept of â€Å"the market† in regards to a general domain of economic activity, in this case involving organ selling. In such a manner, we can avoid possible contention regarding what could constitute a market for human organs—suchRead MoreThe Sale of Human Organs2130 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Sale of Human Organs If your loved one was faced with a life or death situation would you do everything in your power to help them. The easy answer to this would be yes but thousands of people are dying every year because there just aren t enough organs to be transplanted. There are hundreds of thousands of individuals in need of life-saving organ transplants, but the wait list is so long, that human organ sales should be legal. This has the potential to allow patients to look for organsRead MoreThe Sale Of Human Organs858 Words   |  4 PagesThe sale of human organs is a prevalent subject of moral exchanges that displays a civil argument that offers no trading off arrangement. Moral issues required in the selling of human organs make up its ethical issue. No argument is fully accepted when discussing the legitimation of selling human organs. I agree with the position from Savulescu’s article that individuals should be allowed to sell their organs and that it is morally permissible. Based upon figures from 2012, 95,000 Americans wereRead MoreThe Sale of Human Organs2046 Words   |  9 PagesKarra Bryant ENG 1020-011 Mrs. Shiner-Swanson Final Research Paper The Sale of Human Organs In the US recently the issue of human organ trafficking has become a bigger and bigger problem. When people hear that human organs are being bought and sold on the black market, they think that kind of thing only happens in third world countries, but it is quickly becoming one of Americas biggest issues. People spend years of their lives on the transplant list waiting for a life saving operation,Read MoreShould Human Organs for Sale?1685 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN ORGANS FOR SALE Should the sales of human organs be legally or not, it is quite difficult to find a satisfied answer to this controversial question at the moment. Although a large number of articles were written, numerous speeches were made, countless meetings were hold to discuss about this matter but until now it is still a big controversy issue all over the world. Thanks to the steadily development of scientist, technology and medicine treatment, nowadays human organ can be transplantedRead MoreIllegal Sale Of Human Organs1031 Words   |  5 PagesSale of human organs have been illegal in the U.S. since the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 was established, but illegal sale of organs still exist on the black market. The black market is where desperate wealthy people can make contact with unscrupulous greedy criminals to secure themselves a kidney or any other type of human organ they may need. The idea that a person’s organ can be purchased online or through a dealer like a car is une thical and objectionable. Potential causes for the thrivingRead MoreLegalize the Sale of Human Organs956 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize the Sale of Human Organs Compensation for the donation of human organs should be legalized for medical use. Medical surgeons everywhere are calling the government to have them legalize the sale of organs for transplants; allowing people to sell their organs would help people by meeting their financial expenses, solve the lack of supply, save many lives, and get control of the black market. Compensation for donating bone marrow is legalized, so why not organs? There has been a hugeRead MoreLegalizing the Sale of Human Organs1071 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing the sale of human organs has become a very controversial topic in the last few decades. Transplant surgeries were becoming relatively safe to preform, which lead the transplant list to grow rapidly. The debate on how to increment the number of organs available for transplant commenced. Currently organ donations were solely dependent upon cadaveric donors and family members. This shortage has engendered an ebony market for organs sales. People are peregrinating across the country to haveRead MoreLegalizing The Sale Of Human Organs1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets become more rampant. Under such circumstances, should the government legalize the sale of living human organs? In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, after analyzing from both receivers’ and donors’ perspectives delibe rately, she makes her own credibility to conclude that since there are potential donors and potential sellers that have a strong eager to trade kidneys, legalizing the sale of human organs would bringRead MoreShould Human Organs for Sale?1699 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN ORGANS FOR SALE Should the sales of human organs be legally or not, it is quite difficult to find a satisfied answer to this controversial question at the moment. Although a large number of articles were written, numerous speeches were made, countless meetings were hold to discuss about this matter but until now it is still a big controversy issue all over the world. Thanks to the steadily development of scientist, technology and medicine treatment, nowadays human organ can be transplanted